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Ecological art
Ecological art is an art genre and artistic practice that preserves, remediates and/or vitalizes the life forms and resources of planet Earth.Also referred to as EcoArt or Eco Art, it is distinct from environmental art in that it often involves functional ecological restoration, as well as socially engaged, activist, community-based interventions.Ecological art applies the principles of ecological systems to living species and their habitats throughout the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, including wilderness, rural, suburban and urban locations. Ecological art also addresses politics, culture, economics, ethics and aesthetics as they impact the conditions of ecosystems. Ecoartists strive to inform, inspire, critique, and reform human behavior to ensure that ecosystems remain robust for the long term, capable of adapting to change and supporting diverse populations. Ecological art practitioners include artists, scientists, philosophers and activists who are devoted to the theory and practices of ecological art.
==Historical precedents==
Art historical precedents include Environmental Art, Earthworks, Land Art, Sustainable art, landscape painting, and landscape photography. While historical examples may reach back to neolithic times, according to the history published in the book, ''Ecovention: current art to transform ecologies'', a short list of contemporary works include Herbert Bayer's ''Grass Mound'' (1955) at the Aspen Art Institute, Aspen, CO; Joseph Beuys 1962 proposed action to clean up the Elbe River in Hamburg, German; Hans Haacke's 1965 manifesto for time-based, "natural", dynamic indeterminate art; and Agnes Denes's 1968 performance, ''Haiku Poetry Burial, Rice Planting and Tree Chaining/Exercises in Eco-Logic'', in Sullivan County, New York. 1969 was a watershed year for ecological art practices, including Haacke's ''Grass Grows'' in Ithaca, NY; Alan Sonfist's activities articulating the significance of native forests in urban areas and his action to monitor air quality in New York city. Betty Beaumont documented the clean-up of what was the worst U.S. ocean oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, while Mierle Laderman Ukeles wrote ''Manifesto for Maintenance Art''. (citation Spaid) In 1969 - 1970, Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison collaborated on mapping endangered species around the world. In 1971, artist Bonnie Sherk performs ''Public Lunch with the Animals'' in the Lion House of the San Francisco Zoo. From 1972 to 1979, Helen and Newton Harrison realize seven projects designed for and about lagoons in Califormia.
A key essay marking the genre is the 1972 essay, ''Art and Ecological Consciousness'' by Gyorgy Kepes in his book, ''Arts of the Environment''. The first formal use of the term, "ecological art" may have been by the art historian, Dr. Barbara Matilsky, in relation to the 1992 exhibition and book, ''Fragile Ecologies: Contemporary Artists' Interpretations and Solutions,'' in which she differentiates ecological art from environmental art in that the former has ethical underpinnings.In 1993, a workshop and small exhibition, specifically about ecological art, was presented by Don Krug, Renee Miller and Barbara Westfall at the The Society for Ecological Restoration in Irvine, California. The term, ''ecovention'', was coined in 1999 as a conjunction of the words ecology and intervention, in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name curated by Amy Lipton and Sue Spaid, representing artist's projects that use inventive strategies to physically transform a local ecology. The writer and curator, Lucy Lippard, states that it was Ellen Swallow Richards who coined the word "ecology" from the Greek word for home, however the word is often attributed to the 19th Century naturalist, Ernst Haeckel. In a 2006 UNESCO research report for the Art in Ecology think tank on arts and sustainability, "Mapping the Terrain of Contemporary EcoArt Practice and Collaboration", the artist, Beth Carruthers uses the term EcoART.
A current definition of Ecological Art, drafted collectively by the (EcoArtNetwork ), founded in 1998, is: "Ecological Art is an art practice that embraces an ethic of social justice in both its content and form/materials. EcoArt is created to inspire caring and respect, stimulate dialogue, and encourage the long-term flourishing of the social and natural environments in which we live. It commonly manifests as socially engaged, activist, community-based restorative or interventionist art."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ecoartnetwork.org )〕
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